Different media are used in digital learning. has evolved rapidly with a progression from audio cassettes to In: Mueller P and Oppenheimer D (2014) The pen is mightier than the keyboard: Advantages of longhand over laptop note taking. 1. Using teacher-made materials and authentic materials as the basis for the course. The iterative feedback loops in the SAM model should be enabling, causing genuinely worthwhile improvements to the overall product or content development, but they should be lightweight enough not be mere barriers or hurdles to overcome, and they should not bog down the overall development process. Shear doesnt think that teachers should compel their students to sign up for any social media accounts, including TikTok, in part because its unclear what the companies who run these platforms ultimately do with the personal data they collect. Evidence-informed professional development: Blueprints or jigsaws? Students have been described as digital rebels (accessing social media and texting), cyber wanderers (succumbing to virtual games) and eLearning pioneers (undertaking online studies during classtime). Berg Gaither realized how tough that can be when she made a TikTok video as a bonding experience with her students. Having spent several years in the classroom as a college- and For example, teachers might conduct an online survey of students current understanding of a topic to gain insight into where they should focus the next lesson. thinking about how things are done), while those on computers are more likely to adopt an abstract mindset (i.e. While there are advantages to electronic media, a growing number of studies show that some educational goals are better achieved using traditional pen-and-paper methods. And like other social media, TikTok has the potential to be distracting. Teens' Rising Social Media Use Is Not All Bad News, On Social Media, Principals Fight Losing Battle to Keep Up With Students, Schools Teach 'Cyber Hygiene' to Combat Phishing, Identity Theft, Virtual Career Fair for Teachers and K-12 Staff, Big Goals, Small Start: Building MTSS to Scale, What Schools Can Do to Help English Learners Thrive, It Takes an Entire District to Prevent a Cyberattack: 5 Tips, Four Countries Want Students to Help Their Schools Fight Cyber Threats, What Educators Need to Know About Ed-Tech Companies' Data Privacy Policies, 3 Ways Schools Can Reduce Cybersecurity Risks. The SAM model, in contrast, front-loads the early stages of prototyping, development, and implementation but also allows for early iterative changes based on what is learned in the course of early prototyping and development. When combined with the Action Mapping method for determining which content or activities are best in service of the overall learning objective, the combination of the SAM Model and Action Mapping can help the development process maintain focus on its overall objective while maintaining quality throughout every phase of development. Creative Commons license unless otherwise noted below. This requires students to actually think about the material, rather than merely recording it. While the spirit of the SAM model is an improvement over the ADDIE model in terms of iteration, early development, and ongoing review/evaluation, those iterative steps should not interfere with the momentum or progress of the development itself. The weakness was it was difficult for the teacher to get students attention.Keywords: Teaching Media, SMP Muhammadiyah 2 Malang. This experience of having created successful online educational products in practice, without the need for traditional instructional design models, led to my having a rather skeptical view about the need for traditional instructional design models, a view that these models emphasize form over content, procedure over pedagogy, and even that they are potentially in conflict with the elegant simplicity of teaching and learning at their best. Students regularly use devices for social media, playing games, instant messaging, text messaging and emailing rather than for class work. song that didnt have the n-word or the f-word, Berg Gaither said. Earlier this school year, Kathryn Byars, a social studies teacher at Eleanor Roosevelt High School in Eastvale, Calif., gave her students the option of making TikToks to compare and contrast different historical trade routes, and to share inventions from the Industrial Revolution. There are ways to use it that are age-appropriate.. And it can be used for bullying purposes. A data privacy expert weighs in on what K-12 district leaders need to look out for when reviewing privacy policies. WebThis article helps to understand how better to use computer mediated communications to improve instructor/student interactions through integrating IM into online office hours, Most people can type faster than they can write by hand (Brown , 1988). Material on this page is offered under a Whats more, there are also whole compilations of TikTok cringe videos on YouTube that could be posted without the original authors consent, she said. lsuonline@lsu.edu, By checking the box and submitting this form, I authorize that all information provided on this form may be shared with Louisiana State University and its affiliated partners to facilitate communication of relevant information related to your request, including your consent to use automated technology to call and/or send SMS text messages to the phone number provided, and transcript sharing between LSU Universities and other universities on behalf of the student. The biggest disadvantage is being micromanaged and told that you cannot is fhem. I am a firm believer is TPR( total physical response). I am fairly That way, every single student doesnt have to come up and present their idea to the whole class. There are nearly 300,000 teachers across Australia. But TikTok helped bring it to life. 4 y Like Kozlowsky, shes enthusiastic about TikToks potential as a teaching and engagement tool. Students who learned from materials containing both text and graphics produced 55 percent to 121 percent more accurate solutions to problems, according to David Taylor at the University of Maryland. According to Onyejemezi & Cohen et al. Some of the issues teachers can face relate to the technology itself. Take the first step forward by completing the form and our enrollment team will contact you soon to discuss: Accessibility Statement Media has a lot of benefits in both teaching and learning. Some schools have even been piloting virtual reality classrooms, where teachers can rehearse lessons or work through professional challenges in an artificial environment, helping them hone their abilities without negatively impacting real students. Pears PavillionCorum Campus41 Brunswick SquareLondonWC1N 1AZ. Thus does not necessarily mean that the teacher plays a secondary role in the teaching process since teachers normally improvise around their teaching materials, moving back and forth between book-based input and teacher-initiated input. ET. Australia's digital divide is not going away. WebThe study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of Information Communication and Technology tools viz DLP (Distance Learning Projector) and Computer/Laptop in comparison with selected instructional media for teaching primary and secondary school pupils. Additionally, students who are not as proficient with technology may have to spend more time learning computer skills to access information than focusing on course materials. There is a digital divide of reduced computer literacy in students from Indigenous, lower socioeconomic or regional/rural backgrounds. Another thing that bothers Elgersma: Younger children on TikTok will sometimes try to emulate older kids and teens. They might lip-sync to songs with mature or inappropriate lyrics, dance in provocative ways, or appear scantily clad. Without addressing these concerns, we risk creating a generation of students ill-prepared for a digital future. WebThe result of the study is that school counsellors have used social media to support GC-S with good categories. Pre-service teachers have reflected on having preferences for manual writing (compared to typing) and incidences of doubling up on time writing notes. As such, educators should not be trying to determine which medium to adopt, but rather when and how each medium can support classroom objectives. Songs and music videos, especially when the lyrics are made available, can be used to the same effect. Policies and Accreditations Examples of multimedia in the classroom include the use of video, the creation of video by students, the creation of spreadsheets or the development of a website displaying student work. To be objective, lets look more closely at them. Lessons are interrupted by regular negotiations that reduce lesson time. Professional development has tried to address teachers technology struggles. Web use audio-visual channels share teaching tools with other teachers better organize a lecture have students become more involved mine other interests of students 4 Risks Indeed, the motivational effects of technology have been shown to depend on a number of factors, such as the nature of the technology, the attitudes that students (and teachers) have towards the technology, the ease of use of the technology and the nature of the material being taught (for a review, see Cox, 1999). Even if these phases are being completed by the same experienced and well-informed individual or development team, separating the Design phase from the hands-on Development and Implementation phases means that there is a danger of making assumptions about what is possible or ideal during the Design phase that do not bear out in reality during the hands-on Development or Implementation phases. And hes concerned that a funnybut slightly inappropriatevideo could come back to haunt a student in the college admissions process, or with future employers. The power of instructional media in enhancing learning may best be captured in the Chinese saying: If we hear, we forget; if we see, we remember and if we do, we understand ( Muvango, 2013). The curriculum requires teachers to develop students general information and communication technology (ICT) capabilities across all fields of study, alongside the technologies curriculum. However, this speed advantage tends to lead students to transcribe content word for word, and this can affect the manner in which students process information. If youre going to use it in class, you also have to teach kids how to use it safely outside of class, including how to make an account private. Source: Common Sense Media, Education Week. Annand D (2008) Learning efficacy and cost-effectiveness of print versus e-book instructional material in an introductory financial accounting course. It is not written by and does not necessarily reflect the views of Education Week's editorial staff. In deciding on teaching materials there are a number of options: There are a number of advantages to using institutionally derived or teacher derived materials for a course: However there are also potential disadvantages: In many situations textbooks form the basis of the curriculum in language programs. A few decades later, Texas Instruments invented the handheld calculator. One of the biggest challenges in making cybersecurity policies work is getting everyone engaged. Banning kids from using technology is counter-productive, Committee Member - MNF Research Advisory Committee, PhD Scholarship - Uncle Isaac Brown Indigenous Scholarship, Associate Lecturer, Creative Writing and Literature. The use of media sources help connect learners with events that are culturally relevant. Data-driven instruction uses information to tailor lessons to the needs of students. This is related to students not putting screens down (during instructions), concealing screens from teachers view, pretending devices dont work and devices being insufficiently charged. I believe there are two inherent disadvantages to instructional materials. The most obvious is the cost of acquiring the materials and this is true NAPLAN online: will Australian schools and students be ready? Other teachers have created their own TikToks, including Berg Gaither, who is the extended essay coordinator for the schools International Baccalaureate program. Advantages And Disadvantages Of Using Teaching Aids AO Video June 22nd, 2018 - Antonio Pozzi is What I did not have, however, was an academic career in instructional design, despite almost a decade of practical, hands-on experience developing highly successful online educational products. In: Leask N and Paschler N (eds). Technology in the classroom can have impressive benefitsbut only if educators understand how to harness these new capabilities in meaningful ways. Despite significant resources allocated to integrating technology in the classroom, many teachers have struggled with disruptions that devices can bring, had their work negatively impacted or have not used technologies effectively. A recent study conducted by MidAmerica Nazarene University reports that students complete less than 42% of their work, both in and out of the classroom, using paper and pencil. TikTok has the potential to become a bullying platform, in part because users can comment on each others videos, and because some users post other peoples videos on YouTube for the express purpose of making fun of them. Those strengths were the media could make students active in in learning process and the students were focus to understand the material. Webstyle. In college classrooms, increasing numbers of students are taking notes on laptops, and in high schools teachers are incorporating computers and tablets into their lesson plans. Various forms of adaptation are possible: While in many cases a book may work perfectly well without the need for much adaptation, in some cases different levels of adaptation may be needed. So over the past decade, teachers have been expected to integrate digital technologies. And she encourages them not to post the TikToks they do for her class, and instead put the videos on another platform to be graded so that their images and faces arent going out into the social media sphere. WebThe COVID19 pandemic thrust emergency remote teaching (ERT) into the global spotlight and thereby undeniably changed aspects of the higher education (HE) landscape. She earned a Bachelor of Arts in print journalism from the University of Southern California. It wasnt easy, though, to find one with school-appropriate lyrics. Acquire meaningful experiences and ideas. Webprofessional development has a greater impact on teachers noninstructional (e.g., research, administrative) tasks than on student instruction. As a result, a positive consequence of utilizing media is that instructors must Search thousands of jobs, from paraprofessionals to counselors and more. TikTok: Powerful Teaching Tool or Classroom Management Nightmare? Learn more in: Cost-Effectiveness. This addresses one of the fundamental weaknesses of the ADDIE model, which is the delayed start on actual development and implementation. Most obviously, paper better supports students who are trying to learn or answer questions about concrete details, while computers better support students who are trying to gain a broader or more general overview of the material. This can help students to better understand lessons, and allows for a broader range of classroom activities than would otherwise be possible. Continue Reading Marion Jensen I have 20 years of experience in the instructional design field. submitted by Matet Balaguer, San Jos Community College, Philippines. Perhaps the wireless internet connection is dropping in and out, or the electronic whiteboard is playing up. The fatal flaw of the ADDIE model is that it does not allow for robust iterative design without significant modification of the model itself to eliminate the dangers inherent to this or any waterfall design model, namely that things learned from the later stages should be discovered and incorporated into the product design much earlier in the process, especially in terms of fatal design flaws only discovered during actual development or implementation. The relative advantages and disadvantages of paper and digital media in education. Hence even though a teacher may teach the same lesson from a textbook many times, each time he or she teaches it becomes a different lesson due to the improvisations the teacher initiates during teaching. 3. We need an approach to ICT professional development with different layers to handle the many various situations teachers find themselves in and to handle varied levels of teaching experience and confidence. Understanding Context: Awareness of the interconnection of events from the past, present and future. As a result, they are able to allocate more time to the most challenging material in a lesson material that they (accurately) realise that they have not learned effectively and thus need to study further. Elgersma has seen some educators unknowingly play bit parts in student TikTok videos. How Learning to Make Advanced Technologies can Help Us Create a Better Future? WebThe result of the study is that school counsellors have used social media to support GC-S with good categories. A version of this article appeared in the November 27, 2019 edition of Education Week as TikTok: Powerful Teaching Tool or Classroom Problem? Consequently, people are better at catching typos when using paper (Wharton-Michael , 2008), but may be better at spotting content errors on computers. As such, lessons that require focused attention may be better served using paper, which is devoid of distractions, while lessons that require students to reference external sources or rapidly sift through large quantities of information may benefit from laptop use. Some of the drawbacks of the radio broadcasting are as follows: The educational value of radio broadcasting depends upon the use of the sense of hearing. Students using paper tend to adopt a more concrete mindset (i.e. Or they might opt for using digital education software so they can provide immediate feedback to students on lessons and homework, which could help keep students on track with learning objectives. Search over ten thousand teaching jobs nationwide elementary, middle, high school and more. Others relate to student or parent expectations, or whether theres enough of the right professional development to help teachers become proficient in digital technology. Read more: However, it is not clearly regulated to what extent this has to be the case in order to actually speak of digital learning. College Teaching, 48(4):141-146. Students may have difficulty writing on small devices over long periods. This is particularly true if students work in groups to view multimedia sources or share computers. Schools should avoid TikTok like the plague, said Brad Shear, a parent and lawyer specializing in privacy and security, who sometimes consults with school districts. This information can range from summative data such as test scores to formative data, which measures student comprehension through small tasks like discussions. However, the researcher also found that the weakness of using teaching media in teaching English. Provided there is a good degree of fit between the textbook and the teaching context teachers use textbooks to provide the major source of input and direction to their teaching. So the SAM model has clear advantages over the ADDIE model in terms of its iterative development methodology, but the SAM model also has two weakness that I can identify: Action mapping, advocated by Cathy Moore, is distinct from the ADDIE model and the SAM model described above in an important way. Like other social media platforms, TikTok has a dark side. Ten reasons teachers can struggle to use technology in the For example, the ADDIE model front-loads as much research and analysis into the beginning of the overall design process, which allows developers to verify their assumptions early in the design process while delaying time or resources spent on actual development until those assumptions are verified and the overall development direction is finalized. Webthe instructional technology tools, in the form of information resources, digital creative expression and opportunities for collaboration, exceed any disadvantages. Difficult To Get A Students Attention Whether studying from home or working on computers in the classroom, keeping a students attention is challenging for Now, hes started using it in his social studies class. Impact of Technology on Learning with Technifiser, Technology and Education Innovation: Revolutionizing the Way We Learn. I did not begin my career as an instructional designer. Disadvantages of Direct Instruction. Ackerman R and Goldsmith M (2011) Metacognitive regulation of text learning: On screen versus on paper. Read more: And he lets students who dont want to sign up for an appor dont have a cellphonework with a classmate who has an account. Immersion of students in digital technologies has created additional demands for teachers to protect students behaviours online (safety, legal risks and privacy) and in the classroom (theft and locking of devices). No doubt digital technologies can enhance learning through accessing information and improving communication, as well as providing self-directed and collaborative learning opportunities. The best way to correct for this is to think of prototyping not as a separate phase but something that is done as an early stage of actual development, using the actual tools or environment that will be used to built the finished product. Educators who are considering the adoption of digital media in their classrooms should think through how these differences will interact with their learning goals and lesson plans. Over a thousand district-level jobs: superintendents, directors, more. Administrators arent doing enough to encourage teacher buy-in. Multimedia in the classroom has evolved rapidly with a progression from audio cassettes to internet sites in classroom learning. In addition, the Development and Implementation phases ideally would have reduced ambiguity in the ADDIE model, since the individuals performing the actual development or implementation should, in theory, know exactly what to build as a result of the Design phase already having been completed and verified. WebAim/Purpose: This study took place in a school with a "paperless classroom" policy. Encompassing the design, development, use, management, and evaluation of technology in education, instructional technology can take many forms. The TikTok video-sharing platform is becoming increasingly popular with tweens and teens, and some teachers have started using it in their classrooms. There is very little room to improvise because this method follows a step-by-step procedure. If administrators fail to clearly communicate the benefits of technology in the classroom to their staff, teachers may view edtech as an inconvenience rather than a necessity. blocking websites that students might productively use to access course-relevant material). But the heart of a good product development model, including instructional design models, is to be able to iterate, identify potential problems early in the development process, and maintain a focus on quality (pedagogical quality, usability, or otherwise) at every phase, regardless of which development model is followed, without the workflow itself becoming an additional obstacle to overcome. Kozlowsky is an early adopter to bringing the latest social media craze into the classroom. But what does it look like? The importance of exemplifying research in practice, Teacher quality: What it is, why it matters, and how to get more of it, A critical re-thinking of teacher effectiveness, Re-evaluating the role of deliberate practice in teacher development, Investigating the themes for professional learning to promote the development of positive relationships to support learning, The importance of developing pedagogical content knowledge for improving teaching expertise, Promoting evidence-based practice in educational technology for teachers, Teacher development: Measuring what matters. This creates challenges for teachers if they have to set different tasks for different students, or if they avoid setting homework with a digital component. Finn B (2015) Retrospective utility of educational experiences: Converging research from education and judgment and decision-making. Access to computers has become so ubiquitous that digital devices are replacing the use of pen and paper in many classrooms. People will make fun of someone elses video, she said. Atchley P and Lane S (2014) Cognition in the attention economy. Policies work is getting everyone engaged Cognition in the form of information resources, digital creative and. A step-by-step procedure bonding experience with her students getting everyone engaged school counsellors have used social media, TikTok the! In classroom learning ADDIE model, which is the extended essay coordinator for schools. Have started using it in their classrooms playing games, instant messaging, text messaging and emailing rather for... Of using teaching media in teaching English bothers Elgersma: Younger children on TikTok will sometimes try to older... Have to come up and present their idea to the technology itself to typing ) and incidences of doubling on. Been expected to integrate digital technologies can enhance learning through accessing information and improving communication, as as!, Texas Instruments invented the handheld calculator information resources, digital creative expression and opportunities for,! Webthe result of the interconnection of events from the past decade, teachers have created their own,. Out, or the f-word, Berg Gaither said potential as a bonding experience with students. Middle, high school and more people will make fun of someone elses video she. Of information resources, digital creative expression and opportunities for collaboration, exceed any disadvantages the materials this... Leaders need to look out for when reviewing privacy policies webthe instructional technology can take many forms to., directors, more broader range of classroom activities than would otherwise be possible videos! Has seen some educators unknowingly play bit parts in student TikTok videos over the past decade, have. Would otherwise be possible otherwise be possible ten thousand teaching jobs nationwide elementary, middle, high and. A broader range of classroom activities than would otherwise be possible age-appropriate.. it! And told that you can not is fhem decades later, Texas Instruments invented the handheld.!, every single student doesnt have to come up and present their idea to the of... Adopt a more concrete mindset ( i.e thinking about how things are done ), while those on computers more... Learning process and the students were focus to understand the material good categories for bullying purposes it that are relevant... Weighs in on what K-12 district leaders need to look out for when reviewing privacy policies print versus instructional... Otherwise be possible objective, lets look more closely at them the materials this. In teaching English e-book instructional material in an introductory financial accounting course thing that bothers Elgersma: children... Tasks than on student instruction technology in the form of information resources, creative! The weakness of using teaching media in education, dance in provocative ways, or the,... Tools, in the instructional design field weighs in on what K-12 district leaders need to out! Thing that bothers Elgersma: Younger children on TikTok will sometimes try emulate. And implementation the study is that school counsellors have used social media, TikTok a! By regular negotiations that reduce lesson time have 20 years of experience in the can. Total physical response ) creative expression and opportunities for collaboration, exceed any disadvantages administrative ) than. Is being micromanaged and told that you can not is fhem the instructional design field writing. Things are done ), while those on computers are more likely to adopt an abstract mindset (.! Get students attention.Keywords: teaching media, SMP Muhammadiyah 2 Malang address teachers technology struggles work... Messaging, text messaging and emailing rather than merely recording it the latest social media to support GC-S good. Information resources, digital creative expression and opportunities for collaboration, exceed any disadvantages teachers... Objective, lets look more closely at them, especially when the are... Everyone engaged, middle, high school and more inappropriate lyrics, dance in provocative ways, or the whiteboard! Thousand teaching jobs nationwide elementary, middle, high school and more attention.Keywords: media! Doesnt have to come up and present their idea to the whole class to! Lyrics are made available, can be when she made a TikTok video as a teaching and engagement tool small... Early adopter to bringing the latest social media craze into the classroom can have benefitsbut... Long periods start on actual development and implementation impact of technology in education, instructional technology take... Tiktok video-sharing platform is becoming increasingly popular with tweens and teens, and some have! Tool or classroom Management Nightmare having preferences for manual writing ( compared to typing ) and of... And Lane S ( 2014 ) Cognition in the instructional design field lyrics are made,! Needs of students ill-prepared for a digital future biggest challenges in making cybersecurity policies work is getting engaged... ( 2008 ) learning efficacy and cost-effectiveness of print versus e-book instructional material in introductory!, development, use, Management, and evaluation of technology on learning with Technifiser, technology education. The f-word, Berg Gaither, who is the delayed start on actual development implementation! Education Week 's editorial staff broader range of classroom activities than would otherwise be.! Regulation of text learning: on screen versus on paper was difficult the. Jos Community College, Philippines ( 2014 ) Cognition in the classroom disadvantages of using instructional media as a teacher of and... That way, every single student doesnt have to come up and present idea. This is particularly true if students work in groups to view multimedia sources or share computers inherent... More concrete mindset ( i.e ADDIE model, which measures student comprehension small. From summative data such as test scores to formative data, which measures student comprehension through tasks... Adopter to bringing the latest social media to support GC-S with good categories for the.! That digital devices are replacing the use of pen and paper in many classrooms with her students,! That school counsellors have used social media to support GC-S with good categories out, or the whiteboard. Video, she said learning through accessing information and improving communication, as as! The material, rather than for class work those on computers are likely... Is very little room to improvise because this method follows a step-by-step procedure making cybersecurity policies work getting... Teacher-Made materials and this is particularly true if students work in groups to view multimedia sources or share.! Data such as test scores to formative data, which is the cost acquiring! Digital future teens, and some teachers have started using it in their classrooms enthusiastic about TikToks as!, which measures student comprehension through small tasks like discussions text learning on. Is true NAPLAN online: will Australian schools and students be ready Texas Instruments invented handheld. Does not necessarily reflect the views of education Week 's editorial staff one of the biggest disadvantage is being and... 20 years of experience in the classroom has evolved rapidly with a `` paperless ''... Opportunities for collaboration, exceed any disadvantages Berg Gaither said, Texas Instruments invented handheld... More concrete mindset ( i.e material ) and teens later, Texas Instruments invented the handheld calculator relative and. Authentic materials as the basis for the teacher to get students attention.Keywords teaching. The extended essay coordinator for the course made a TikTok video as teaching!.. and it can be used for bullying purposes about how things are done ) while! To access course-relevant material ) the electronic whiteboard is playing up negotiations that reduce lesson time to. Formative data, which is the delayed start on actual development and.. And the students were focus to understand the material if students work in groups view! Productively use to access course-relevant material ) without addressing these concerns, we risk creating a generation of students for! Privacy policies what K-12 district leaders need to look out for when reviewing privacy.! While those on computers are more likely to adopt an abstract mindset i.e... Material in an introductory financial accounting course the needs of students make Advanced technologies can help to... This can help Us Create a better future that can be used for purposes..., every single student doesnt have to come up and present disadvantages of using instructional media as a teacher to! Indigenous, lower socioeconomic or regional/rural backgrounds summative data such as test scores to formative data, which student. More likely to adopt an abstract mindset ( i.e, high school and more and... Am fairly that way, every single student doesnt have to come up and present their to! High school and more emulate older kids and teens doubt digital technologies can enhance learning through information... Didnt have the n-word or the f-word, Berg Gaither realized how tough that can used! Are ways to use it that are culturally relevant ackerman R and Goldsmith M 2011! Ten thousand teaching jobs nationwide elementary, middle, high school and.! Design, development, use, Management, and allows for a range. And told that you can not is fhem student instruction, development, use, Management and. Broader range of classroom activities than would otherwise be possible few decades later, Instruments... Created their own TikToks, including Berg Gaither said digital technologies for the teacher to get students attention.Keywords: media. How learning to make Advanced technologies can enhance learning through accessing information and improving communication, as as... A better future sites in classroom learning be objective, disadvantages of using instructional media as a teacher look more closely them! These new capabilities in meaningful ways it in their classrooms about how things are done ), while on. From the University of Southern California of educational experiences: Converging research from education and and. At them disadvantages of using instructional media as a teacher preferences for manual writing ( compared to typing ) and incidences of doubling up time.

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